Re: [[Infowarrior] - NSA Said to Have Used Heartbleed Bug for Years]

[Scott Howard <scott () doc net au>]

On Wed, Apr 16, 2014 at 4:12 PM, Larry Sheldon <LarrySheldon () cox net> wrote:

> If the hardware (as has been suggested) or the OS does any of this, how do
> diagnostic routine in or running under the OS work?

The OS does it, when allocating memory to userland programs.

For memory, before memory is allocated to a new process it is cleared.  If
the same block of memory is re-allocated to (or within) that process then
it is generally NOT cleared.  ie, if you request some memory within a
process there's no guarantee that it'll be zeroed out (unless you
specifically request it to be), but there is a guarantee that anything in
the memory is something that your own process put there.

For kernel-level code, this does NOT happen by default (again, depending on
which exact functional you call). So within the kernel you can allocate a
block of memory and end up with random user-land data it in - but if you
think that's a problem then you probably don't understand where the kernel
fits in within the bigger picture. (Hint: at a minimum, it can real any
memory anywhere in the system)

There is obviously a cost of clearing that memory, which is why it's
normally only done when absolutely necessary (eg, allocating a new page to
a userland process), but not when it's not (eg, allocating to the kernel)


For disk, physical space normally isn't assigned by the filesystem until
you actually write to a block. Writing obviously overwrites what was there
previously, so reading it back only gives you your own data.  If you read
back an area of a file that you haven't yet written (presuming the
filesystem supports it) then you've got what's called a "sparse" file, and
as no block on disk has yet been allocated for that space yet the OS simply
returns you a pile of zeros. Those zeros never actually existed on the
disk, they are just a logical concept for any blocks that have not yet been
written to.


None of these controls stops someone with root access from accessing memory
or disk - root generally has access to interfaces like /proc/mem and the
raw disk devices, so can read anything.

  Scott