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IP: Gnutella and Freenet Represent True Technological Innovation
From: Dave Farber <farber () cis upenn edu>
Date: Mon, 15 May 2000 06:32:55 -0400
Date: Sun, 14 May 2000 09:12:39 -0700 From: "Tim O'Reilly" <tim () oreilly com> To: farber () central cis upenn edu A must-read for people who've heard about these technologies and want a clear exposition of how they work, not just fearmongering about them. Whether you love or fear Napster and its even more revolutionary cousins gnutella and freenet, this is an article you ought to read. http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/network/2000/05/12/magazine/gnutella.html "The computer technologies that have incurred the most condemnation recently -- Napster, Gnutella, and Freenet -- are also the most interesting from a technological standpoint. I'm not saying this to be perverse. I have examined these systems' architecture and protocols, and I find them to be fascinating. Freenet emerged from a bona fide, academically solid research project, and all three sites are worth serious attention from anyone interested in the future of the Internet." -- Tim O'Reilly @ O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472 +1 707-829-0515, FAX +1 707-829-0104 tim () oreilly com, http://www.oreilly.com<x-html> <http://www.oreillynet.com> by Andy Oram 05/12/2000 Related Articles: Napster and MP3: La Revolucion or La Larceny? Music Industry Turns Heat on Net Music Pirates Why the RIAA is Fighting a Losing Battle Napster: Popular Program Raises Devilish Issues <http://dave.oreillynet.com/stories/storyReader$13>Why the RIAA Still Stands a Chance The computer technologies that have incurred the most condemnation recently -- <http://www.napster.com/>Napster, <http://gnutella.wego.com/>Gnutella, and <http://freenet.sourceforge.net/>Freenet -- are also the most interesting from a technological standpoint. I'm not saying this to be perverse. I have examined these systems' architecture and protocols, and I find them to be fascinating. Freenet emerged from a bona fide, academically solid research project, and all three sites are worth serious attention from anyone interested in the future of the Internet. In writing this essay, I want to take the hype and hysteria out of current reports about Gnutella and Freenet so the Internet community can evaluate them on their merits. This is a largely technical article; I address the policy debates directly in a companion article, <http://www.webreview.com/pub/2000/05/12/platformindependent/index.html>The Value of Gnutella and Freenet. I will not cover Napster here because its operation has received more press. It's covered in "Napster: Popular Program Raises Devilish Issues" by Erik Nilsson, and frankly, it is less interesting and far-reaching technically than the other two systems. In essence, Gnutella and Freenet represent a new step in distributed information systems. Each is a system for searching for information; each returns information without telling you where it came from. They are innovative in the areas of distributed information storage, information retrieval, and network architecture. But they differ significantly in both goals and implementation, so I'll examine them separately from this point on. Gnutella basics Each piece of Gnutella software is both a server and a client in one, because it supports bidirectional information transfer. The Gnutella developers call the software a "servent," but since that term looks odd I'll stick to "client." You can be a fully functional Gnutella site by installing any of several available clients; lots of different operating systems are supported. Next you have to find a few sites that are willing to communicate with you: some may be friends, while others may be advertised Gnutella sites. People with large computers and high bandwidth will encourage many others to connect to them. Evil or Just Controversial?: Open Source software such as Gnutella and Freeware are spreading as quickly as a virus. But are they really so unhealthy? Andy Oram points out the advantages--and disadvantages--of controversial technologies in this week's edition of <http://www.webreview.com/pub/2000/05/12/platform/index.html>Platform Independent on Web Review. You will communicate directly only with the handful of sites you've agreed to contact. Any material of interest to other sites will pass along from one site to another in store-and-forward fashion. Does this sound familiar, all you grizzled, old UUCP and Fidonet users out there? The architecture is essentially the same as those unruly, interconnected systems that succeeded in passing Net News and e-mail around the world for decades before the Internet became popular. But there are some important differences. Because Gnutella runs over the Internet, you can connect directly with someone who's geographically far away just as easily as with your neighbor. This introduces robustness and makes the system virtually failsafe, as we'll see in a minute. Second, the protocol for obtaining information over Gnutella is a kind of call-and-response that's more complex than simply pushing news or e-mail. Figure 1 shows the operation of the protocol. Suppose site A asks site B for data matching "MP3." After passing back anything that might be of interest, site B passes the request on to its colleague at site C -- but unlike mail or news, site B keeps a record that site A has made the request. If site C has something matching the request, it gives the information to site B, which remembers that it is meant for site A and passes it through to that site. Figure 1. How Gnutella retrieves information I am tempted to rush on and describe the great significance of this simple system, but I'll pause to answer a few questions for those who are curious. * How are requests kept separate? Each request has a unique number, generated from random numbers or semi-randomly from something unique to the originating site like an Ethernet MAC address. If a request goes through site C on to site D and then to site B, site B can recognize from the identifier that it's been seen already and quietly drop the repeat request. On the other hand, different sites can request the same material and have their requests satisfied because each has a unique identifier. Each site lets requests time out, simply by placing them on a queue of a predetermined size and letting old requests drop off the bottom as new ones are added. * What form does the returned data take? It could be an entire file of music or other requested material, but Gnutella is not limited to shipping around files. The return could just as well be a URL, or anything else that could be of value. Thus, people are likely to use Gnutella for sophisticated searches, ending up with a URL just as they would with a traditional search engine. (More on this exciting possibility later.) * What protocol is used? Gnutella runs over HTTP (a sign of Gnutella's simplicity). A major advantage of using HTTP is that two sites can communicate even if one is behind a typical organization's firewall, assuming that this firewall allows traffic out to standard Web servers on port 80. There is a slight difficulty if a client behind a firewall is asked to serve up a file, but it can get by the firewall by issuing an output command called GIV to port 80 on its correspondent. The only show-stopper comes when a firewall screens out all Web traffic, or when both correspondents are behind typical firewalls. * How does the system stop searching? Like IP packets, each Gnutella request has a time-to-live, which is normally decremented by each site until it reaches zero. A site can also drastically reduce a time-to-live that it decides is ridiculously high. As we will see in a moment, the time-to-live limits the reach of each site, but that can be a benefit as well as a limitation. * How is a search string like "MP3" interpreted? That is the $64,000 question, and leads us to Gnutella's greatest contribution. Pages: 1, 2, 3, 4 Next Page Copyright © 2000 O'Reilly and Associates, Inc. All Rights Reserved. All trademarks and registered trademarks appearing on the O'Reilly Network are the property of their respective owners. </x-html>
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- IP: Gnutella and Freenet Represent True Technological Innovation Dave Farber (May 15)