Security Basics mailing list archives
Re: Linux Firewall/LoadBalancer
From: InCisT <InCisT () popsikle net>
Date: Mon, 17 Nov 2003 15:20:26 -0500
red wrote:
All, I have two pipes coming into my office.I would like to create a redundant situation with the two networks. I have seen the commercial boxes that do this but I would like to do this with some type of Linux solution. So I would like to have one pipe running all the time , then when it fails , have the other take over. Any ideas? thanks -red
Redundant part (I use this on all of my HA servers):
Linux Ethernet Bonding Driver mini-howto
Initial release : Thomas Davis <tadavis at lbl.gov>
Corrections, HA extensions : 2000/10/03-15 :
- Willy Tarreau <willy at meta-x.org>
- Constantine Gavrilov <const-g at xpert.com>
- Chad N. Tindel <ctindel at ieee dot org>
- Janice Girouard <girouard at us dot ibm dot com>
- Jay Vosburgh <fubar at us dot ibm dot com>
Note :
------
The bonding driver originally came from Donald Becker's beowulf patches for
kernel 2.0. It has changed quite a bit since, and the original tools from
extreme-linux and beowulf sites will not work with this version of the
driver.
For new versions of the driver, patches for older kernels and the updated userspace tools, please follow the links at the end of this file. Table of Contents ================= Installation Bond Configuration Module Parameters Configuring Multiple Bonds Switch Configuration Verifying Bond Configuration Frequently Asked Questions High Availability Promiscuous Sniffing notes Limitations Resources and Links Installation ============ 1) Build kernel with the bonding driver --------------------------------------- For the latest version of the bonding driver, use kernel 2.4.12 or above (otherwise you will need to apply a patch). Configure kernel with `make menuconfig/xconfig/config', and select "Bonding driver support" in the "Network device support" section. It isrecommended to configure the driver as module since it is currently the only way
to pass parameters to the driver and configure more than one bonding device. Build and install the new kernel and modules. 2) Get and install the userspace tools -------------------------------------- This version of the bonding driver requires updated ifenslave program. The original one from extreme-linux and beowulf will not work. Kernels 2.4.12and above include the updated version of ifenslave.c in Documentation/network directory. For older kernels, please follow the links at the end of this file.
IMPORTANT!!! If you are running on Redhat 7.1 or greater, you need to be careful because /usr/include/linux is no longer a symbolic link to /usr/src/linux/include/linux. If you build ifenslave while this istrue, ifenslave will appear to succeed but your bond won't work. The purpose
of the -I option on the ifenslave compile line is to make sure it uses /usr/src/linux/include/linux/if_bonding.h instead of the version from /usr/include/linux. To install ifenslave.c, do:# gcc -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O -I/usr/src/linux/include ifenslave.c -o ifenslave
# cp ifenslave /sbin/ifenslave
Bond Configuration
==================
You will need to add at least the following line to /etc/modules.conf
so the bonding driver will automatically load when the bond0 interface is
configured. Refer to the modules.conf manual page for specific modules.conf
syntax details. The Module Parameters section of this document describes
each
bonding driver parameter.
alias bond0 bonding
Use standard distribution techniques to define the bond0 network
interface. For
example, on modern Red Hat distributions, create an ifcfg-bond0 file in the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts directory that resembles the following: DEVICE=bond0 IPADDR=192.168.1.1 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 NETWORK=192.168.1.0 BROADCAST=192.168.1.255 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=none USERCTL=no (use appropriate values for your network above) All interfaces that are part of a bond should have SLAVE and MASTERdefinitions. For example, in the case of Red Hat, if you wish to make eth0 and eth1 a part of the bonding interface bond0, their config files (ifcfg-eth0 and
ifcfg-eth1) should resemble the following: DEVICE=eth0 USERCTL=no ONBOOT=yes MASTER=bond0 SLAVE=yes BOOTPROTO=noneUse DEVICE=eth1 in the ifcfg-eth1 config file. If you configure a second bonding
interface (bond1), use MASTER=bond1 in the config file to make the network interface be a slave of bond1. Restart the networking subsystem or just bring up the bonding device if youradministration tools allow it. Otherwise, reboot. On Red Hat distros you can
issue `ifup bond0' or `/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart'. If the administration tools of your distribution do not support master/slavenotation in configuring network interfaces, you will need to manually configure
the bonding device with the following commands:
# /sbin/ifconfig bond0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 \
broadcast 192.168.1.255 up
# /sbin/ifenslave bond0 eth0
# /sbin/ifenslave bond0 eth1
(use appropriate values for your network above)
You can then create a script containing these commands and place it in the
appropriate rc directory.
If you specifically need all network drivers loaded before the bonding
driver,
adding the following line to modules.conf will cause the network driver for eth0 and eth1 to be loaded before the bonding driver. probeall bond0 eth0 eth1 bondingBe careful not to reference bond0 itself at the end of the line, or modprobe
will die in an endless recursive loop.To have device characteristics (such as MTU size) propagate to slave devices, set the bond characteristics before enslaving the device. The characteristics
are propagated during the enslave process.If running SNMP agents, the bonding driver should be loaded before any network drivers participating in a bond. This requirement is due to the the interface
index (ipAdEntIfIndex) being associated to the first interface found with a given IP address. That is, there is only one ipAdEntIfIndex for each IPaddress. For example, if eth0 and eth1 are slaves of bond0 and the driver for
eth0 is loaded before the bonding driver, the interface for the IP addresswill be associated with the eth0 interface. This configuration is shown below, the IP address 192.168.1.1 has an interface index of 2 which indexes to eth0
in the ifDescr table (ifDescr.2).
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.1 = lo
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 = eth0
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.3 = eth1
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.4 = eth2
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.5 = eth3
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.6 = bond0
ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.10.10.10.10 = 5
ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.192.168.1.1 = 2
ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.10.74.20.94 = 4
ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.127.0.0.1 = 1
This problem is avoided by loading the bonding driver before any network
drivers participating in a bond. Below is an example of loading the bonding
driver first, the IP address 192.168.1.1 is correctly associated with
ifDescr.2.
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.1 = lo
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.2 = bond0
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.3 = eth0
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.4 = eth1
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.5 = eth2
interfaces.ifTable.ifEntry.ifDescr.6 = eth3
ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.10.10.10.10 = 6
ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.192.168.1.1 = 2
ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.10.74.20.94 = 5
ip.ipAddrTable.ipAddrEntry.ipAdEntIfIndex.127.0.0.1 = 1
While some distributions may not report the interface name in ifDescr,
the association between the IP address and IfIndex remains and SNMP
functions such as Interface_Scan_Next will report that association.
Module Parameters
=================
Optional parameters for the bonding driver can be supplied as command line
arguments to the insmod command. Typically, these parameters are
specified in
the file /etc/modules.conf (see the manual page for modules.conf). The
available bonding driver parameters are listed below. If a parameter is not
specified the default value is used. When initially configuring a bond, it
is recommended "tail -f /var/log/messages" be run in a separate window to
watch for bonding driver error messages.
It is critical that either the miimon or arp_interval and arp_ip_target
parameters be specified, otherwise serious network degradation will occur
during link failures.
max_bonds
Specifies the number of bonding devices to create for this
instance of the bonding driver. E.g., if max_bonds is 3, and
the bonding driver is not already loaded, then bond0, bond1
and bond2 will be created. The default value is 1.
mode
Specifies one of four bonding policies. The default is
round-robin (balance-rr). Possible values are (you can use either the
text or numeric option):
balance-rr or 0
Round-robin policy: Transmit in a sequential order
from the first available slave through the last. This
mode provides load balancing and fault tolerance.
active-backup or 1
Active-backup policy: Only one slave in the bond is
active. A different slave becomes active if, and only
if, the active slave fails. The bond's MAC address is
externally visible on only one port (network adapter)
to avoid confusing the switch. This mode provides
fault tolerance.
balance-xor or 2
XOR policy: Transmit based on [(source MAC address
XOR'd with destination MAC address) modula slave
count]. This selects the same slave for each
destination MAC address. This mode provides load
balancing and fault tolerance.
broadcast or 3
Broadcast policy: transmits everything on all slave
interfaces. This mode provides fault tolerance.
miimon
Specifies the frequency in milli-seconds that MII link
monitoring will
occur. A value of zero disables MII link monitoring. A value of
100 is a good starting point. See High Availability section for
additional information. The default value is 0.
use_carrier
Specifies whether or not miimon should use MII or ETHTOOL
ioctls vs. netif_carrier_ok() to determine the link status.
The MII or ETHTOOL ioctls are less efficient and utilize a
deprecated calling sequence within the kernel. The
netif_carrier_ok() relies on the device driver to maintain its
state with netif_carrier_on/off; at this writing, most, but
not all, device drivers support this facility.
If bonding insists that the link is up when it should not be,
it may be that your network device driver does not support
netif_carrier_on/off. This is because the default state for
netif_carrier is "carrier on." In this case, disabling
use_carrier will cause bonding to revert to the MII / ETHTOOL
ioctl method to determine the link state.
A value of 1 enables the use of netif_carrier_ok(), a value of
0 will use the deprecated MII / ETHTOOL ioctls. The default
value is 1.
downdelay
Specifies the delay time in milli-seconds to disable a link
after a
link failure has been detected. This should be a multiple of miimon
value, otherwise the value will be rounded. The default value is 0.
updelay
Specifies the delay time in milli-seconds to enable a link after a
link up status has been detected. This should be a multiple of
miimon
value, otherwise the value will be rounded. The default value is 0.
arp_interval
Specifies the ARP monitoring frequency in milli-seconds.
If ARP monitoring is used in a load-balancing mode (mode 0 or
2), the
switch should be configured in a mode that evenly distributes
packets
across all links - such as round-robin. If the switch is
configured to
distribute the packets in an XOR fashion, all replies from the ARP
targets will be received on the same link which could cause the
other
team members to fail. ARP monitoring should not be used in
conjunction
with miimon. A value of 0 disables ARP monitoring. The default
value
is 0.
arp_ip_target
Specifies the ip addresses to use when arp_interval is > 0.
These are
the targets of the ARP request sent to determine the health of
the link
to the targets. Specify these values in ddd.ddd.ddd.ddd format.
Multiple ip adresses must be seperated by a comma. At least one ip
address needs to be given for ARP monitoring to work. The
maximum number
of targets that can be specified is set at 16.
primary
A string (eth0, eth2, etc) to equate to a primary device. If this
value is entered, and the device is on-line, it will be used
first as
the output media. Only when this device is off-line, will
alternate
devices be used. Otherwise, once a failover is detected and a new
default output is chosen, it will remain the output media until
it too
fails. This is useful when one slave was preferred over
another, i.e.
when one slave is 1000Mbps and another is 100Mbps. If the 1000Mbps
slave fails and is later restored, it may be preferred the
faster slave
gracefully become the active slave - without deliberately
failing the
100Mbps slave. Specifying a primary is only valid in
active-backup mode.
multicast
Option specifying the mode of operation for multicast support.
Possible values are:
disabled or 0
Disabled (no multicast support)
active or 1
Enabled on active slave only, useful in active-backup mode
all or 2
Enabled on all slaves, this is the default
Configuring Multiple Bonds
==========================
If several bonding interfaces are required, the driver must be loaded
multiple times. For example, to configure two bonding interfaces with link
monitoring performed every 100 milli-seconds, the /etc/conf.modules should
resemble the following:
alias bond0 bonding
alias bond1 bonding
options bond0 miimon=100
options bond1 -o bonding1 miimon=100
Configuring Multiple ARP Targets
================================
While ARP monitoring can be done with just one target, it can be usefull
in a High Availability setup to have several targets to monitor. In the
case of just one target, the target itself may go down or have a problem
making it unresponsive to ARP requests. Having an additional target (or
several) would increase the reliability of the ARP monitoring.
Multiple ARP targets must be seperated by commas as follows:
# example options for ARP monitoring with three targets
alias bond0 bonding
options bond0 arp_interval=60
arp_ip_target=192.168.0.1,192.168.0.3,192.168.0.9
For just a single target the options would resemble: # example options for ARP monitoring with one target alias bond0 bonding options bond0 arp_interval=60 arp_ip_target=192.168.0.100 Potential Problems When Using ARP Monitor ========================================= 1. Driver support The ARP monitor relies on the network device driver to maintain two statistics: the last receive time (dev->last_rx), and the last transmit time (dev->trans_start). If the network device driver does not update one or both of these, then the typical result will be that, upon startup, all links in the bond will immediately be declared down, and remain that way. A network monitoring tool (tcpdump, e.g.) will show ARP requests and replies being sent and received on the bonding device. The possible resolutions for this are to (a) fix the device driver, or (b) discontinue the ARP monitor (using miimon as an alternative, for example). 2. Adventures in Routing When bonding is set up with the ARP monitor, it is important that the slave devices not have routes that supercede routes of the master (or, generally, not have routes at all). For example, suppose the bonding device bond0 has two slaves, eth0 and eth1, and the routing table is as follows: Kernel IP routing tableDestination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 40 0 0 eth0 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 40 0 0 eth1 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 40 0 0 bond0
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 40 0 0 lo In this case, the ARP monitor (and ARP itself) may become confused, because ARP requests will be sent on one interface (bond0), but the corresponding reply will arrive on a different interface (eth0). This reply looks to ARP as an unsolicited ARP reply (because ARP matches replies on an interface basis), and is discarded. This will likely still update the receive/transmit times in the driver, but will lose packets. The resolution here is simply to insure that slaves do not have routes of their own, and if for some reason they must, those routes do not supercede routes of their master. This should generally be the case, but unusual configurations or errant manual or automatic static route additions may cause trouble. Switch Configuration ==================== While the switch does not need to be configured when the active-backup policy is used (mode=1), it does need to be configured for the round-robin, XOR, and broadcast policies (mode=0, mode=2, and mode=3). Verifying Bond Configuration ============================ 1) Bonding information files ----------------------------The bonding driver information files reside in the /proc/net/bond* directories.
Sample contents of /proc/net/bond0/info after the driver is loaded with
parameters of mode=0 and miimon=1000 is shown below.
Bonding Mode: load balancing (round-robin)
Currently Active Slave: eth0
MII Status: up
MII Polling Interval (ms): 1000
Up Delay (ms): 0
Down Delay (ms): 0
Slave Interface: eth1
MII Status: up
Link Failure Count: 1
Slave Interface: eth0
MII Status: up
Link Failure Count: 1
2) Network verification
-----------------------
The network configuration can be verified using the ifconfig command. In
the example below, the bond0 interface is the master (MASTER) while eth0
and
eth1 are slaves (SLAVE). Notice all slaves of bond0 have the same MAC
address
(HWaddr) as bond0. [root]# /sbin/ifconfig bond0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:C0:F0:1F:37:B4inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.YYY Bcast:XXX.XXX.XXX.255 Mask:255.255.252.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MASTER MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:7224794 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:3286647 errors:1 dropped:0 overruns:1 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:C0:F0:1F:37:B4
inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.YYY Bcast:XXX.XXX.XXX.255
Mask:255.255.252.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:3573025 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1643167 errors:1 dropped:0 overruns:1 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1080
eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:C0:F0:1F:37:B4
inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.YYY Bcast:XXX.XXX.XXX.255
Mask:255.255.252.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:3651769 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1643480 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
Interrupt:9 Base address:0x1400
Frequently Asked Questions
==========================
1. Is it SMP safe?
Yes. The old 2.0.xx channel bonding patch was not SMP safe.
The new driver was designed to be SMP safe from the start.
2. What type of cards will work with it?
Any Ethernet type cards (you can even mix cards - a Intel
EtherExpress PRO/100 and a 3com 3c905b, for example).
You can even bond together Gigabit Ethernet cards!
3. How many bonding devices can I have?
One for each module you load. See section on Module Parameters for how
to accomplish this.
4. How many slaves can a bonding device have?
Limited by the number of network interfaces Linux supports and/or the
number of network cards you can place in your system.
5. What happens when a slave link dies?
If your ethernet cards support MII or ETHTOOL link status monitoring
and the MII monitoring has been enabled in the driver (see
description
of module parameters), there will be no adverse consequences. This
release of the bonding driver knows how to get the MII
information and
enables or disables its slaves according to their link status.
See section on High Availability for additional information.
For ethernet cards not supporting MII status, the arp_interval and
arp_ip_target parameters must be specified for bonding to work
correctly. If packets have not been sent or received during the
specified arp_interval durration, an ARP request is sent to the
targets
to generate send and receive traffic. If after this interval,
either
the successful send and/or receive count has not incremented,
the next
slave in the sequence will become the active slave.
If neither mii_monitor and arp_interval is configured, the bonding
driver will not handle this situation very well. The driver will
continue to send packets but some packets will be lost. Retransmits
will cause serious degradation of performance (in the case when one
of two slave links fails, 50% packets will be lost, which is a serious
problem for both TCP and UDP).
6. Can bonding be used for High Availability?
Yes, if you use MII monitoring and ALL your cards support MII link
status reporting. See section on High Availability for more information.
7. Which switches/systems does it work with?
In round-robin and XOR mode, it works with systems that support
trunking:
* Cisco 5500 series (look for EtherChannel support).
* SunTrunking software.
* Alteon AceDirector switches / WebOS (use Trunks).
* BayStack Switches (trunks must be explicitly configured). Stackable
models (450) can define trunks between ports on different physical
units.
* Linux bonding, of course !
In active-backup mode, it should work with any Layer-II switche.
8. Where does a bonding device get its MAC address from?
If not explicitly configured with ifconfig, the MAC address of the
bonding device is taken from its first slave device. This MAC address
is then passed to all following slaves and remains persistent (even if
the the first slave is removed) until the bonding device is brought
down or reconfigured.
If you wish to change the MAC address, you can set it with ifconfig:
# ifconfig bond0 hw ether 00:11:22:33:44:55
The MAC address can be also changed by bringing down/up the device
and then changing its slaves (or their order):
# ifconfig bond0 down ; modprobe -r bonding
# ifconfig bond0 .... up
# ifenslave bond0 eth...
This method will automatically take the address from the next slave
that will be added.
To restore your slaves' MAC addresses, you need to detach them
from the bond (`ifenslave -d bond0 eth0'), set them down
(`ifconfig eth0 down'), unload the drivers (`rmmod 3c59x', for
example) and reload them to get the MAC addresses from their
eeproms. If the driver is shared by several devices, you need
to turn them all down. Another solution is to look for the MAC
address at boot time (dmesg or tail /var/log/messages) and to
reset it by hand with ifconfig :
# ifconfig eth0 down
# ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:20:40:60:80:A0
9. Which transmit polices can be used?
Round-robin, based on the order of enslaving, the output device
is selected base on the next available slave. Regardless of
the source and/or destination of the packet.
Active-backup policy that ensures that one and only one device will
transmit at any given moment. Active-backup policy is useful for
implementing high availability solutions using two hubs (see
section on High Availability).
XOR, based on (src hw addr XOR dst hw addr) % slave count. This
policy selects the same slave for each destination hw address.
Broadcast policy transmits everything on all slave interfaces.
High Availability
=================
To implement high availability using the bonding driver, the driver
needs to be
compiled as a module, because currently it is the only way to pass
parameters
to the driver. This may change in the future. High availability is achieved by using MII or ETHTOOL status reporting. You need to verify that all your interfaces support MII or ETHTOOL link status reporting. On Linux kernel 2.2.17, all the 100 Mbps capable drivers andyellowfin gigabit driver support MII. To determine if ETHTOOL link reporting is available for interface eth0, type "ethtool eth0" and the "Link detected:" line should contain the correct link status. If your system has an interface that does not support MII or ETHTOOL status reporting, a failure of its link will not be detected! A message indicating MII and ETHTOOL is not supported by a network driver is logged when the bonding driver is loaded with a non-zero
miimon value.The bonding driver can regularly check all its slaves links using the ETHTOOL
IOCTL (ETHTOOL_GLINK command) or by checking the MII status registers. Thecheck interval is specified by the module argument "miimon" (MII monitoring).
It takes an integer that represents the checking time in milliseconds. It should not come to close to (1000/HZ) (10 milli-seconds on i386) because it may then reduce the system interactivity. A value of 100 seems to be a good starting point. It means that a dead link will be detected at most 100 milli-seconds after it goes down. Example: # modprobe bonding miimon=100 Or, put the following lines in /etc/modules.conf: alias bond0 bonding options bond0 miimon=100There are currently two policies for high availability. They are dependent on
whether: a) hosts are connected to a single host or switch that support trunkingb) hosts are connected to several different switches or a single switch that
does not support trunking
1) High Availability on a single switch or host - load balancing
----------------------------------------------------------------
It is the easiest to set up and to understand. Simply configure the
remote equipment (host or switch) to aggregate traffic over several
ports (Trunk, EtherChannel, etc.) and configure the bonding interfaces.
If the module has been loaded with the proper MII option, it will work
automatically. You can then try to remove and restore different links
and see in your logs what the driver detects. When testing, you may
encounter problems on some buggy switches that disable the trunk for a
long time if all ports in a trunk go down. This is not Linux, but really
the switch (reboot it to ensure).
Example 1 : host to host at twice the speed
+----------+ +----------+
| |eth0 eth0| |
| Host A +--------------------------+ Host B |
| +--------------------------+ |
| |eth1 eth1| |
+----------+ +----------+
On each host :
# modprobe bonding miimon=100
# ifconfig bond0 addr
# ifenslave bond0 eth0 eth1
Example 2 : host to switch at twice the speed
+----------+ +----------+
| |eth0 port1| |
| Host A +--------------------------+ switch |
| +--------------------------+ |
| |eth1 port2| |
+----------+ +----------+
On host A : On the switch :
# modprobe bonding miimon=100 # set up a trunk on port1
# ifconfig bond0 addr and port2
# ifenslave bond0 eth0 eth1
2) High Availability on two or more switches (or a single switch without
trunking support)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
This mode is more problematic because it relies on the fact that there
are multiple ports and the host's MAC address should be visible on one
port only to avoid confusing the switches.
If you need to know which interface is the active one, and which ones are
backup, use ifconfig. All backup interfaces have the NOARP flag set.
To use this mode, pass "mode=1" to the module at load time :
# modprobe bonding miimon=100 mode=active-backup
or:
# modprobe bonding miimon=100 mode=1
Or, put in your /etc/modules.conf :
alias bond0 bonding
options bond0 miimon=100 mode=active-backup
Example 1: Using multiple host and multiple switches to build a "no single
point of failure" solution.
| |
|port3 port3|
+-----+----+ +-----+----+
| |port7 ISL port7| |
| switch A +--------------------------+ switch B |
| +--------------------------+ |
| |port8 port8| |
+----++----+ +-----++---+
port2||port1 port1||port2
|| +-------+ ||
|+-------------+ host1 +---------------+|
| eth0 +-------+ eth1 |
| |
| +-------+ |
+--------------+ host2 +----------------+
eth0 +-------+ eth1
In this configuration, there is an ISL - Inter Switch Link (could be a
trunk),
several servers (host1, host2 ...) attached to both switches each, and
one or
more ports to the outside world (port3...). One an only one slave on
each host
is active at a time, while all links are still monitored (the system can detect a failure of active and backup links).Each time a host changes its active interface, it sticks to the new one until
it goes down. In this example, the hosts are negligibly affected by the expiration time of the switches' forwarding tables.If host1 and host2 have the same functionality and are used in load balancing
by another external mechanism, it is good to have host1's active interface connected to one switch and host2's to the other. Such system will survivea failure of a single host, cable, or switch. The worst thing that may happen in the case of a switch failure is that half of the hosts will be temporarily
unreachable until the other switch expires its tables.
Example 2: Using multiple ethernet cards connected to a switch to configure
NIC failover (switch is not required to support trunking).
+----------+ +----------+
| |eth0 port1| |
| Host A +--------------------------+ switch |
| +--------------------------+ |
| |eth1 port2| |
+----------+ +----------+
On host A : On the switch :
# modprobe bonding miimon=100 mode=1 # (optional) minimize the
time
# ifconfig bond0 addr # for table expiration
# ifenslave bond0 eth0 eth1
Each time the host changes its active interface, it sticks to the new
one until
it goes down. In this example, the host is strongly affected by the
expiration
time of the switch forwarding table. 3) Adapting to your switches' timing ------------------------------------ If your switches take a long time to go into backup mode, it may be desirable not to activate a backup interface immediately after a link goes down. It is possible to delay the moment at which a link will be completely disabled by passing the module parameter "downdelay" (in milliseconds, must be a multiple of miimon). When a switch reboots, it is possible that its ports report "link up" status before they become usable. This could fool a bond device by causing it to use some ports that are not ready yet. It is possible to delay the moment atwhich an active link will be reused by passing the module parameter "updelay"
(in milliseconds, must be a multiple of miimon). A similar situation can occur when a host re-negotiates a lost link with the switch (a case of cable replacement).A special case is when a bonding interface has lost all slave links. Then the
driver will immediately reuse the first link that goes up, even if updelayparameter was specified. (If there are slave interfaces in the "updelay" state, the interface that first went into that state will be immediately reused.) This
allows to reduce down-time if the value of updelay has been overestimated.
Examples :
# modprobe bonding miimon=100 mode=1 downdelay=2000 updelay=5000
# modprobe bonding miimon=100 mode=balance-rr downdelay=0 updelay=5000
Promiscuous Sniffing notes
==========================
If you wish to bond channels together for a network sniffing
application --- you wish to run tcpdump, or ethereal, or an IDS like
snort, with its input aggregated from multiple interfaces using the
bonding driver --- then you need to handle the Promiscuous interface
setting by hand. Specifically, when you "ifconfing bond0 up" you
must add the promisc flag there; it will be propagated down to the
slave interfaces at ifenslave time; a full example might look like:
grep bond0 /etc/modules.conf || echo alias bond0 bonding
>/etc/modules.conf
ifconfig bond0 promisc up
for if in eth1 eth2 ...;do
ifconfig $if up
ifenslave bond0 $if
done
snort ... -i bond0 ...
Ifenslave also wants to propagate addresses from interface to
interface, appropriately for its design functions in HA and channel
capacity aggregating; but it works fine for unnumbered interfaces;
just ignore all the warnings it emits.
Limitations
===========
The main limitations are :
- only the link status is monitored. If the switch on the other side is
partially down (e.g. doesn't forward anymore, but the link is OK),
the link
won't be disabled. Another way to check for a dead link could be to
count
incoming frames on a heavily loaded host. This is not applicable to
small
servers, but may be useful when the front switches send multicast
information on their links (e.g. VRRP), or even health-check the
servers.
Use the arp_interval/arp_ip_target parameters to count
incoming/outgoing
frames.
- A Transmit Load Balancing policy is not currently available. This mode
allows every slave in the bond to transmit while only one receives. If
the "receiving" slave fails, another slave takes over the MAC
address of
the failed receiving slave.
Resources and Links
===================
Current development on this driver is posted to:
- http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/bonding/
Donald Becker's Ethernet Drivers and diag programs may be found at :
- http://www.scyld.com/network/
You will also find a lot of information regarding Ethernet, NWay, MII,
etc. at
www.scyld.com. For new versions of the driver, patches for older kernels and the updated userspace tools, take a look at Willy Tarreau's site : - http://wtarreau.free.fr/pub/bonding/ - http://www-miaif.lip6.fr/willy/pub/bonding/ To get latest informations about Linux Kernel development, please consult the Linux Kernel Mailing List Archives at : http://boudicca.tux.org/hypermail/linux-kernel/latest/ -- END -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Forum Systems PRESIDIO: PGP / XML GATEWAY APPLIANCEThe Presidio integrates PGP data encryption and XML Web Services security to simplify the management and deployment of PGP and reduce overall PGP costs by up to 80%. FREE WHITEPAPER & 30 Day Trial - http://www.securityfocus.com/sponsor/ForumSystems_security-basics_031027 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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